Twisted front leg in dogs: causes, consequences, and rehabilitation

Twisted front legs, often referred to as angular limb deformities (ALD), are a common orthopedic issue in dogs, particularly in chondrodystrophic breeds (those with short legs and long bodies, like dachshund, west highland white terriers, corgis, pekingese) but can occur in any breed due to trauma or developmental issues. These deformities arise when the bones of the forearm—the radius and ulna—grow at different rates or one bone stops growing prematurely. This imbalance results in visible twisting, joint misalignment, and increased wear and tear on surrounding structures, we call these diseases short radius, or short ulna, depending on the case. 

As a result, affected dogs experience joint instability, increased wear and tear, osteoarthritis, and compensatory postural changes throughout the body. Understanding the anatomical changes, the impact on joints, and how to manage this condition is crucial for improving a dog's mobility, comfort, and long-term well-being.

Now to deeply understand what's going on with our doggie we have to know some anatomy (no worries, only very little :) )

Anatomy of the forelimb: the role of the radius & ulna

The forelimb of a dog consists of two main long bones:

• Radius – The primary weight-bearing bone of the forearm, which should align smoothly with the humerus (upper arm bone) and carpus (wrist).
• Ulna – The stabilizing bone, which allows for proper joint congruency and movement.

Key bony landmarks affected by twisted legs

1. Olecranon process – The bony prominence at the back of the elbow (part of the ulna), where the triceps attach.
2. Styloid process of the ulna & radius – Contributes to wrist stabilization.
3. Trochlear notch – The depression in the ulna that articulates with the humerus, allowing elbow flexion.
4. Carpal bones – The cluster of small bones in the wrist, which are misaligned in twisted legs.
5. Glenoid cavity (shoulder joint socket) – Bears the compensatory weight from poor limb alignment.

When the radius and ulna do not grow at the same rate, the longer bone continues developing while the shorter bone twists, creating a noticeable angular limb deformity.

Causes of twisted front legs

1. Asynchronous Growth of the Radius & Ulna

Dogs' bones grow from cartilage plates at the ends of the radius and ulna. If these growth plates close too soon, the affected bone stops growing while the other continues, causing angular deformity.

• Premature ulna growth glate closure: The ulna stops growing, while the radius continues to lengthen. This leads to outward bowing of the limb and abnormal stress on the elbow while pushing the elbow joint out of alignment, leading to elbow subluxation/luxation.
• Premature radius growth plate closure: The radius stops growing while the ulna continues to elongate, causing inward twisting and potential carpal deviation. The ulna continues growing, forcing the wrist and elbow into an unnatural position.

Secondary causes: injury & trauma

Even in dogs without a genetic predisposition, trauma can lead to this condition:

• Jumping from high surfaces  → Can damage the growth plates, stunting the development of one bone.
• Repetitive stress → Inadequate flooring or excessive high-impact activities may worsen existing structural weaknesses.

+ Nutritional imbalances

Overnutrition or improper calcium-phosphorus ratios during growth may contribute to abnormal skeletal development.

How angular limb deformities affect the joints and whole body:

The misalignment caused by twisted legs places excessive stress on multiple joints, leading to:

• Elbow luxation or subluxation: Due to the altered biomechanics of the forearm, the humeroradial and humeroulnar joints can become unstable.
• Carpal hyperextension or instability: Uneven weight-bearing can cause excessive ligament strain, leading to joint instability.
• Shoulder overuse and fatigue: To compensate for altered forelimb mechanics, the shoulder joint absorbs more impact, predisposing it to early osteoarthritis.
• Back and lower spine issues: The scapula and back muscles work harder to maintain posture, often leading to compensatory tension and pain in the thoracic and lumbar spine.

How owners can detect these deformities?

While the visual twist is the most obvious sign, owners should also look for:

1. Abnormal weight distribution – More weight on one limb or an altered gait.
2. Reluctance to jump or play – Signs of discomfort due to joint stress.

A veterinary consultation, including radiographic imaging, is essential for accurate diagnosis and intervention to prevent further damage in the joint, and gain more quality time with your dog. Remember: it's better to begin a pain manadgemant early, with medication if needed, than having a dog with pain, severe arthirtis, little joy, little mobility, chronic pain actually changes brain functions and makes our pets depressed, so never be afraid to contact your orthopedic vet and seek for guidance.

Treatment Options

1. Surgical Intervention

Early surgical correction is often the best option to prevent secondary joint damage and arthritis. Procedures may include:

2. Conservative Management & Rehabilitation

If surgery is not an option or the condition is mild, physiotherapy and supportive care can help manage symptoms.

1. Physiotherapy & strength training – To strengthen supporting muscles and improve mobility.
2. Fascial manipulation & massage therapy – Reduces tension in overcompensating muscle groups.
3.Supplements for joint protection - these elements are a must if you would like to have a conplete and fully supportive supplement.

• Collagen & Collagen Type II – Essential for cartilage health.
• Hydrolyzed Collagen – More easily absorbed.
• Vitamin C – Necessary for collagen synthesis.
• Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate – Support joint repair.
• Omega-3 (DHA & EPA) – Anti-inflammatory properties.
• MSM & Hyaluronic Acid – Improves joint fluid viscosity.
• Curcumin + Piperine – Enhances anti-inflammatory response.

Home adjustments for comfort

• Non-flip flooring – Reduces joint strain from slipping. - This is extremly important, since most of the traumas and accindents happen due to slippery surfaces, and due to this stress on the joints and muscles.
• Elevated food & water bowls – Encourages better posture.
• Orthopedic beds – Provides joint support during rest.

Some safe & effective exercises for dogs with short ulna/radius syndrome

1. Weight-Shifting Exercises – Encourages even weight distribution to minimize compensatory stress.
2. Incline walking – Strengthens forelimb stabilizing muscles with minimal impact.
3. Cavaletti pole work – Enhances joint flexibility and proprioception.
4. Passive Range of Motion (PROM) Exercises – Helps maintain joint mobility.

Conclusion

Angular limb deformities, such as twisted front legs, are more than just cosmetic issues—they can significantly impact a dog’s long-term joint health and mobility. Early detection, surgical intervention when necessary, and proper physiotherapy can dramatically improve quality of life. Whether through corrective procedures or supportive care, understanding and addressing these conditions is key to helping affected dogs live pain-free, active lives.

Keywords:

twisted leg in dogs, angular limb deformities, canine forelimb deformity, premature growth plate closure, elbow luxation in dogs, canine physiotherapy, joint supplements for dogs, canine osteoarthritis, myofascial therapy for dogs, canine rehabilitation exercises, short ulna, short radius

Scientific References

1. Fox DB, Cook JL, Minturn D, Kieves NR. (2018). "Evaluation and Treatment of Angular Limb Deformities in Dogs." Veterinary Surgery Journal.
2. Hulse DA, Beale BS. (2019). "Growth Plate Abnormalities and Their Impact on Canine Forelimb Structure." Journal of Veterinary Orthopedics.
3. Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D. (2015). "Rehabilitation Strategies for Canine Forelimb Deformities." Veterinary Rehabilitation & Movement Science Journal.